Proportional-way valves
Proportional directional valves control the direction as well as the speed of the actuator via the volume flow. The stepless switching of an actor like a piston can be performed by controlling a proportional solenoid on both sides or - as shown here - on one sides.
To increase the positional accuracy and to reduce the friction losses of the switching piston, a weak alternating current signal, referred to here as a dither signal, is superimposed on the direct current signal.
Hydraulics - dither signal for controlling proportional valves
Switching characteristic of continuous way valves
Since continuous valves have an analog signal as input and output signals, the switching is described by characteristic curves.
Flow characteristic curve:
The flow rate depends on the cylinder position as illustrated. Also it would be possible to describe control signal (control current or control voltage) as x-axis.
hydraulics flow control rate
The difference between rising and falling curves is defined as hysteresis. A hysteresis which is as small as possible favors a high positioning accuracy.
fig.:flow control rate of a 4/3-way valve with all parts blocked in the center position
Hydraulics overlap way valve
In the case of positive overlap, the volume flow remains zero also when a small control signal is applied. The advantage of this positive overlap is that pressure can be provided for parallel-connected circuits.
In the case of zero overlap, the volume flow is linear over the entire control range. The negative overlap results in soft switching and is mainly used for pressure control.
A positive overlap leads to a dead zone in the transition to the other flow area. Electronically, this dead zone can be compensated by a jumping starting signal. The setpoint thus skips the dead zone and begins with the corrected setpoint by opening the flow.
hydraulics compensation overlap