Analog controller

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Analog controllers or Controllers PID

Examples of analog controls: speed control, positioning control, torque control, voltage control, etc. What do all these controls have in common? They control a fast reacting system!

Block diagram of a PID control

Block diagram of a PID control

Let us explain the function of a PID controller in this video:

step response controller

step response controller

Analyze the control behavior

Principle: A voltage jump of ideally 1V is applied to the input of the controller. The parameters of the controller are determined by means of the step response. We regard the P, I and D shares on their own:

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P-controller or proportional controller

A P-controller has an output signal u(t), that is proportional to the control error (u ~ e) without delay. As soon as the control error returns to the value 0, this controller does not have an output signal u any more.

step response P-controller

step response P-controller

Determine the parameter proportional gain factor Kp:  Kp  =   Δ u / Δe

Although a P-controller reacts immediately, a pure P-control has a permanent control deviation!


I-Controller or Integral-controller

The integral part is used for optimization because it can reduce a control deviation to zero. As you can see, the Integral force increases steadily as long as there is still a control deviation. When the control deviation is zero, the I-force remains at its constant value and reduces again only by a control deviation with opposite sign.

step response Integral-controller

step response Integral-controller

Determine of the parameters for the I-force:

Since the output signal of the I-force constantly changes during a control deviation, you would relate the slope of the I-force to the input quantity e:

Integral gain K :     K=   (Δ u / Δt) / Δ e  =    (u – u0) / (Δt  * Δe)

The unit of this integral gain KI is 1/s. Because this parameter is hard to understand for the user you would use the so-called Integral time, which represents the reciprocal:

Integral-time I-controller

Integral-time I-controller

Integral time TI  =    1 /  K    =    (Δ t * Δe ) / Δu           (without regarding the sign)

To tell it in a few words: TI is the time until the output equals the level of the input signal.

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D-controller or Differential controller

The differential-part also serves for optimization. With its force, the controller reacts to a change of a control deviation very quickly. It also dampens the oscillation of the control.

step response D-controller

step response D-controller

Determine parameter of a D-controller

Determine parameter of a D-controller

The D controller reacts to a change in the control deviation! Problem: No parameters can be derived from the step response of a D controller. Trick: As input signal we use a ramp:

Derivative gain KD

K    Δ u _ _     =   Δ u *  Δt
          Δ e /  Δt                Δe..

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Exercises - Controller in automation:

Multiple Choice:


To determine the parameters of a controller, an input signal is applied as shown and the output signal is recorded using an oscilloscope.

Determine the parameters of a controller - Exercise

Determine the parameters of a controller – Exercise

Which controller is being used here?

 
 
 
 

Below you can see the square wave input signal applied to the controller. Which controller is this?

Exercise - Determine the controller type

Exercise – Determine the controller type

 
 
 
 

Step response of a PI-Controller 

Empirically, you have set the PID controller as best as possible with the following parameters:  KP = 1.5, Ti = 0.002 s

A voltage jump of 1 volt is applied to the input of the controller. Complete the step response of the P- and I-force as well as the combined PI controller on the solution sheet.

Exercise Step-response PI-controller

Exercise Step-response PI-controller

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